Understanding the Difference Between PTSD and Complex PTSD

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD) are mental health conditions that can result from exposure to traumatic events. While they share some similarities, they also have distinct characteristics that set them apart. In this blog post, we'll delve into some key differences between PTSD and C-PTSD, helping you gain a better understanding of these conditions.

1. Trauma Types:

  • PTSD: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is caused by very stressful, frightening or distressing events. These can include:

    • car accidents;

    • violent personal assaults, such as sexual assault, mugging or robbery;

    • combat experiences; and

    • childbirth experiences.

C-PTSD: Complex PTSD, on the other hand, stems from prolonged exposure to trauma. It results from repeated and prolonged trauma, such as:

  • emotional, physical, or sexual abuse or neglect;

  • repeatedly bearing witness to violence;

  • repeatedly bearing witness to suffering; or

  • captivity.

It's often more severe if the trauma was experienced early in life, as this can affect a child's development.

2. Duration of Exposure:

  • PTSD: PTSD is associated with a single traumatic event, and symptoms can develop shortly after the incident or it can occur weeks, months or even years later.

  • C-PTSD: C-PTSD involves enduring trauma over an extended period. It typically develops when individuals are exposed to trauma for months or even years, leading to more profound and pervasive symptoms. Complex PTSD can cause similar symptoms to PTSD and may not develop until years after the event.

 3. Symptoms:

  • PTSD: Symptoms of PTSD may include flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event. Someone with PTSD often relives the traumatic event through nightmares and flashbacks, and may experience feelings of isolation, irritability and guilt.

    • They may also have problems sleeping, such as insomnia, and find concentrating difficult.

    • These symptoms are often severe and persistent enough to have a significant impact on the person's day-to-day life.

  • C-PTSD: C-PTSD symptoms encompass those of PTSD. However, people with CPTSD may also report other distressing symptoms that can include:

    • long-term difficulties in maintaining relationships;

    • difficulties with emotional regulation;

    • strong feelings of worthlessness and guilt;

    • a sense of hopelessness; and

    • suicidal thoughts.

4. Treatment:

  • PTSD: Treatment for PTSD often involves Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR), Cognitive-Behavioural therapy (CBT), medication, or a combination of these approaches.

  • C-PTSD: C-PTSD is specifically linked to long-term, pervasive trauma, making it more complex and challenging to treat due to the numerous and interconnected symptoms. Therapies such as Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), medication and Schema Therapy may be used.

Conclusion: While PTSD and C-PTSD share some similarities in terms of symptoms, they are distinct in their origins and complexities. It's essential to recognise these differences to provide appropriate support and treatment for individuals suffering from these conditions. Whether you or someone you know is dealing with PTSD or C-PTSD, seeking professional help is crucial for recovery and healing. Remember that both conditions are treatable, and with the right support, individuals can reclaim their lives and well-being.


Amanda Murray, Psychologist

Navigating Attachment Styles: Getting Closer to That Secure Bond

We're about to dive into the fascinating world of attachment styles and how you can move closer to that holy grail of relationship happiness: secure attachment.

Attachment theory, developed by psychologist John Bowlby, provides insights into how our early relationships with caregivers shape our emotional and relational patterns throughout life. Today, however, we know that attachment styles in adulthood are influenced by a variety of factors, one of which is the way our caregivers cared for us, but other factors, including life experiences, also come into play.

Attachment styles are the different ways individuals form and maintain emotional bonds with others.

Understanding Attachment Styles

1. Secure Attachment:

  • People with secure attachment styles are comfortable with emotional intimacy and autonomy.

  • They trust their partners, are comfortable expressing their feelings, and effectively communicate their needs.

  • Securely attached individuals have a positive self-esteem and a positive view of others.

2. Anxious Attachment:

  • Individuals with this style often fear rejection and abandonment.

  • They tend to be overly dependent on their partners and may exhibit jealousy,

    neediness, and insecurity.

  • Communication can be intense, with a constant need for reassurance.

3. Dismissive- Avoidant Attachment:

  • People with this style value independence and self-sufficiency.

  • They are uncomfortable with emotional intimacy and may downplay their feelings or

    avoid emotional conversations.

  • Often, they demonstrate an inflated focus on self-reliance.

4. Fearful-Avoidant Attachment:

  • Also known as disorganised attachment, individuals with this style experience a constant tug-of-war between desiring closeness and fearing it.

  • They may have a history of trauma or inconsistent caregiving, leading to ambivalence about relationships.

Adapting to Secure Attachment

Now, how do you get from your current attachment style to the more coveted "secure" status? Here are some down-to-earth tips:

1. Self-Awareness:

  • Recognise your attachment style through introspection and self-reflection.

  • Understand how your attachment style has influenced your past relationships and behaviours.

2. Seek Therapy:

  • Consider working with a psychologist to delve deeper into your attachment style and its origins.

  • Therapy can help you address any unresolved issues or trauma that may be contributing to your attachment style.

3. Communication Skills:

  • Practice open and honest communication with your partner.

  • Share your thoughts, feelings, and needs while also actively listening to your partner.

4. Emotional Regulation:

  • Learn to manage your emotions and anxiety, especially if you have an anxious attachment style.

  • Mindfulness, meditation, and deep breathing exercises can be helpful.

5. Boundaries Matter:

  • Set healthy boundaries in your relationships.

  • Make sure you're not giving up your own needs and independence while respecting your partner's space too.

6. Secure Role Models:

  • Surround yourself with people who have secure attachment styles.

  • Observing their behaviour and seeking their support can be beneficial.

7. Patience Is Key: Remember, Rome wasn't built in a day, and neither is a secure attachment style. Be patient with yourself as you evolve and grow.

  • In the book, Attached, by Amir Levine and Rachel Heller, the principles highlighted for finding the right partner- the secure way- are used instinctively by people with a secure attachment style. They include:

  • Spotting “red flags” very early on and treating them as deal brakers.

  • Assertively communicating your needs from day one.

  • Supporting the belief that there are many (yes, many!) possible partners who could make you happy.

  • Never taking the blame for a date’s unpleasant behaviour. When a partner or date behaves thoughtlessly or hurtfully, secures recognise that it says a lot about the other person rather about themselves.

  • Expecting to be treated with respect, dignity and love.

In a nutshell, attachment styles can have a profound impact on our relationships and emotional well-being. While adapting from an insecure to a secure attachment style may require effort and self-awareness, it is possible with time and commitment. By understanding your attachment style and taking steps to develop a more secure one, you can foster healthier and more fulfilling relationships. Remember that seeking professional guidance and support can be invaluable on this journey towards secure attachment.


Amanda Murray, Psychologist

Mind & Body Psychology acknowledges the Jagerra and Turrbal peoples as the first inhabitants and traditional custodians of the land where we live, learn, and work. We pay our respects to the Elders, past and present, and acknowledge that sovereignty was never ceded.

The Director of Mind & Body Psychology contributes 3% of her salary to: Pay the Rent (Aboriginal Grassroots Initiative), IndigenousX (Indigenous owned media outlet), the Westerman Jilya Indigenous Scholarship (scholarships to support the training of more Indigenous psychologists), and Bush Heritage (a not-for-profit that purchases land and partners with traditional owners to restore and protect Country).